Immune system

LL-37

Peptilex evidence grade ABCDEUpdated 19 Oct 2026 How grades work

Type: Human antimicrobial peptide (cathelicidin), 37 amino acids
Main use or focus: Chronic wounds; infections; immune support

Key studies from the book

Randomized, 34 people with venous leg ulcers, 4 weeks; ulcer area down 68 and 50 percent at the two lower strengths.
Grönberg A et al. – Wound Repair and Regeneration, 2014
Randomized, 40 people with diabetic foot ulcers, 4 weeks; better wound granulation.
Miranda E et al. – Archives of Dermatological Research, 2023

All key studies, risks and open questions are in the book.

Research at a glance

Publications by typePubMed, all years

All papers2,543

Human studies1,836

Animal studies only172

Randomized trials38

Meta-analyses & systematic reviews7

Source: PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov via the Peptilex study database

Registered trials by phaseClinicalTrials.gov · name in study title

ongoing / startingcompleted / other

Phase 22

Other9

Source: PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov via the Peptilex study database

Trial starts per yearClinicalTrials.gov · by start date (planned starts included)

22016

2018

2020

2022

2024

2026

Source: PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov via the Peptilex study database

Go deeper

Full profile in the book

What it is, how it acts, the key studies, risks and open questions.

Peptilex – The Peptide Encyclopedia

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An evidence grade (A–E) and the key studies for every peptide
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Registered trials

ClinicalTrials.gov · name in study title · ongoing first

Study	Phase	Status	Participants	Start
Evaluation of 25(OH)D3 and LL-37 Levels in Periimplant Sulcus Fluid NCT07280754Recep Tayyip Erdogan University	Observational	Starting soon	72	Dec 2025
Intratumoral Injections of LL37 for Melanoma NCT02225366M.D. Anderson Cancer Center	Phase 1/2	Completed	4	Jul 2015
Passive Smoking and LL-37 in Children NCT03639376Kırıkkale University	Observational	Completed	180	Nov 2016
Salivary TAS, TOS, LL-37 and Dental Status in Passive Smoking Children NCT04292548Merve Erkmen Almaz	Observational	Completed	180	Nov 2016
The Role of Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Biomarkers in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease. NCT04404335Universidad Rey Juan Carlos	Observational	Completed	60	May 2021
Cathelicidin LL-37 Levels in the GCF and the Saliva of Smokers and Non-smokers With Stage III,IV Periodontitis NCT04861493Cairo University	Observational	Completed	60	Feb 2021
Effects of Smoking and Vitamin D3 on the Levels of Human Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 NCT03923218Gazi University	Observational	Completed	60	Dec 2011
Cathelicidin LL-37 Relation to Potentially Malignant Lesions NCT06219330Fayoum University	Observational	Completed	45	Jul 2023
Peri-implant Vitamin D and Cathelicidin (LL-37) Levels NCT06867250Altinbas University	Observational	Completed	33	Apr 2021
Efficacy of LL-37 Cream on Bacteria Colonization, Inflammation Response and Healing Rate of Diabetic Foot Ulcers NCT04098562Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia	Phase 2	Status unknown	40	Oct 2019

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Study	Phase	Status	Participants	Start
Chlorhexidine and Essential Oil Mouthwashes on Human Beta-Defensin 2 (hbD2) and Kathelicidin (LL-37) Saliva Levels NCT04946617Istanbul Medeniyet University	Observational	Status unknown	120	Jul 2021

Latest key papers

PubMed · newest first

2026
Analysis of Antimicrobial Peptide Expression Under Acute and Chronic Alcohol Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Study and a Systematic Review of the Literature
Systematic reviewRojas-Pirela M et al. · International Journal of Molecular SciencesPMID 41752164
2026
Acute effects of continuous and interval cycling on salivary SIgA and anti-microbial peptide secretions: a randomized crossover trial
Human RCTIto R et al. · European Journal of Applied PhysiologyPMID 40810749
2025
Biomarker for renal scarring screening in children with vesicoureteral reflux: a systematic review
Systematic reviewPutri UMA et al. · Frontiers in PediatricsPMID 40933701
2024
Associations between vitamin D status and biomarkers linked with inflammation in patients with asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional and observational studies
Meta-analysisEl Abd A et al. · Respiratory ResearchPMID 39322954
2024
Acute salivary antimicrobial peptide secretion response to different exercise intensities and durations
Human RCTIto R et al. · American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative PhysiologyPMID 39155711
2024
Effect of weekly vitamin D supplementation on the severity of atopic dermatitis and type 2 immunity biomarkers in children: A randomized controlled trial
Human RCTBorzutzky A et al. · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and VenereologyPMID 38483248
2023
Efficacy and safety of Oral LL-37 against the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant of SARS-COV-2: A randomized trial
Human RCTZhao Y et al. · Journal of Medical VirologyPMID 37605995
2023
Efficacy of LL-37 cream in enhancing healing of diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized double-blind controlled trial
Human RCTMiranda E et al. · Archives of Dermatological ResearchPMID 37480520

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